大学入学共通テスト2023(R)⑩第６問B

第６問 B の模範解答・・・問題をやってから確認しましょう

それでは、先に模範解答です。

解答・・問１・問３・問４は２点、他各３点

問１－４ 問２－ １・５[両方正解で３点]  問３ー3   問４ー 3  問５ー４

第６問 B の解説

第６問 のBでは、「あなた」は国際的な科学プレゼンテーション・コンテストの
ための準備をしているグループの生徒で、そのためのスライドも作っているようです。

B  You are in a student group preparing for an international science
presentation contest. You are using the following passage to create your part
of the presentation on extraordinary creatures.

 

❶Ask some to name the world’s toughest animal, and they might say the
Bactrian camel as it can survive in temperatures as high as 50℃, or the Arctic
fox which can survive in temperatures lower than -58℃. However, both
answers would be wrong as it is widely believed that the tardigrade is the
toughest creature on earth.
❷Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are microscopic creatures. which
are between 0.1 mm to 1.5 mm in length. They live almost everywhere, from
6,000-meter-high mountains to 4,600 meters below the ocean’s surface. They
can even be found under thick ice and in hot springs. Most live in water, but
some tardigrades can be found in some of the driest places on earth. One
researcher reported finding tardigrades living under rocks in a desert without
any recorded rainfall for 25 years. All they need are a few drops r a thin
layer of water to live in. When the water dries up, so do they. The lose all
but three percent of their body’s water and their metabolism slows down to
0.01% of its normal speed. The dried-out tardigrade is now in a state called
“tun,” a kind of deep sleep. It will continue in this state until it is once again
 soaked in water. Then, like a sponge, it absorbs the water and springs back to
life again as if nothing had happened. Whether the tardigrade is in tun for 1
week or 10 years does not really matter. The moment it is surrounded by
water, it comes alive again. When tardigrades are in a state of tun, they are
so tough that they can survive in temperatures ad low as -272℃ and as high
as 151℃. Exactly how they achieve this is still not fully understood.
❸Perhaps even more amazing than their ability to survive on earth – they
have been on earth for some 540 million years – is their ability to survive in
space. In 2007, a team of European researchers sent a number of living
tardigrades into space on the outside of a rocket for 10 days. On their return
to earth, the researchers were surprised to see that 68% were still alive. This
means that for 10 days most were able to survive X-rays and ultraviolet
radiation 1,000 times more intense than here on earth. Later, in 2019, an
Israeli spacecraft crashed onto the moon and thousands of tardigrades in a
state of tun were spilled onto its surface. Whether these are still alive or not
is unknown as no one has gone to collect them – which is a pity.
❹Tardigrades are shaped like a short cucumber. They have four short legs
on each side of their bodies. Some species have sticky pads at the end of each
 leg, while others have claws. There are 16 known claw variations, which help
identify those species with claws. All tardigrades have a place for eyes, but
not all species have eyes. Their eyes are primitive, only having five cells in 
total – just one of which is light sensitive.
❺Basically, tardigrades can be divided into those that eat plant matter, and
those that eat other creatures. Those that eat vegetation have a ventral
mouth – a mouth located in the lower part of the head, like a shark. The type
that eats other creatures has a terminal mouth, which means the mouth is at
the very front of the head, like a tuna. The mouths of tardigrades do not have 
teeth. They do, however, have two sharp needles, called stylets, that they use
to pierce plant cells or the bodies of smaller creatures so the contents can be
sucked out.
❻Both types of tardigrade have rather simple digestive systems. The mouth
leads to the pharynx (throat), whether digestive juices and food are mixed.
Located above the pharynx is a salivary gland. This produces the juices that
flow into the mouth and help with digestion. After the pharynx, there is a tube
which transports food toward the gut. This tube is called the esophagus. The
middle gut, a simple stomach/intestine type of organ, digests the food and
absorbs the nutrients. The leftovers then eventually move through to the anus.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

問１  Which of the following should you not include for【 44 】?
① eight short legs
② either blind or sighted
③ plant-eating or creature-eating
④ sixteen different types of feet
⑤ two stylets rather than teeth

 

問２  For the Secrets to Survival slide, select two features of the tardigrade
     which best help it survive. (The order does not matter.) 【 45 】・【 46 】
① In dry conditions, their metabolism drops to less than one percent of normal.
② Tardigrades in a state of tun are able to survive in temperatures exceeding 
     151℃.
③ The state of tun will cease when the water in a tardigrade’s body is above
    0.01%.
④ Their shark-like mouths allow them to more easily eat other creatures.
⑤ They have an ability to withstand extreme levels of radiation.

 

問３  Complete the missing labels on the illustration of a tardigrade for 
      Digestive Systems slide.【 47 】
① (A) Esophagus  (B) Pharynx  (C) Middle gut  (D) Stylets  (E) Salivary gland
② (A) Pharynx  (B) Stylets  (C) Salivary gland  (D) Esophagus  (E) Middle gut
③ (A) Salivary gland  (B) Esophagus  (C) Middle gut  (D) Stylets  (E) Pharynx
④ (A) Salivary gland  (B) Middle gut  (C) Stylets  (D) Esophagus  (E) Pharynx
⑤ (A) Stylets  (B) Salivary gland  (C) Pharynx  (D) Middle gut  (E) Esophagus

 

問４　Which is the best statement for the final slide? 【 48 】
① For thousands of years, tardigrades have survived some of the harshest
    conditions on earth and in space. They will live longer than humankind.
② Tardigrades are from space and can live in temperatures exceeding the 
    limits of the Arctic fox and Bactrian camel, so they are surely stronger
    waters of hot springs; and they can also thrive on the moon.
③ Tardigrades are, without a doubt, the toughest creatures on earth. They
    can survive on the top of mountains; at the bottom of the sea; in the
    waters of hot springs; and they can also thrive on the moon.
④ Tardigrades have survived some of the harshest conditions on earth, and
    at least one trip into space. This remarkable creature might outlive the
    human species.

 

問５　What can be inferred about sending tardigrades into space? 【 49 】
① Finding out whether the tardigrades can survive in space was never 
    thought to be important.
② Tardigrades, along with other creatures that have been on earth for 
    millions of years, can withstand X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.
③ The Israeli researchers did not expect so many tardigrades to survive
    the harsh environment of space.
④ The reason why no one has been to see if tardigrades can survive on the 
    moon’s surface attracted the author’s attention.

 

問４について

【選択肢のチェック】
問４　Which is the best statement for the final slide? 【 48 】
① For thousands of years, tardigrades have survived some of the harshest
    conditions on earth and in space. They will live longer than humankind.
② Tardigrades are from space and can live in temperatures exceeding the 
    limits of the Arctic fox and Bactrian camel, so they are surely stronger
    than human beings.
③ Tardigrades are, without a doubt, the toughest creatures on earth. They
    can survive on the top of mountains; at the bottom of the sea; in the
    waters of hot springs; and they can also thrive on the moon.
④ Tardigrades have survived some of the harshest conditions on earth, and
    at least one trip into space. This remarkable creature might outlive the
    human species.

【内容】
問４  最後のスライドに関して、どれが一番よい意見ですか。
①何千年もの間、tardigrades は地球上や宇宙空間の最も厳しい状況のいくつかを
   生き抜いてきました。それらは人類より長く生きるでしょう。
② Tardigrades は宇宙から来たもので、北極キツネやフタコブラクダの限界を越える
    気温でも生活ができるので、間違いなく人類より強い。
③ Tardigrades は間違いなく、地球上で最もタフな生物である。それらは山の頂上でも
　生存できますし、海底でも、暑い温泉の中でも生存できるし、月面でも生きること
　ができるのです。
④ Tardigrades は地球上の一番厳しい状況のいくつかを生き延びることができるし、
　 少なくとも宇宙空間への１回の旅行でも生き延びれます。この素晴らしい生物は人類
　より長生きするかもしれない。

👉それぞれの「まとめ」の文が内容と合っているか確認しましょう。
① For thousands of years, tardigrades have survived some of the harshest
    conditions on earth and in space. They will live longer than humankind.
▶️️３段落目(❸)の最初に、Perhaps even more amazing than their ability to 
     survive on earth – they have been on earth for some 540 million years – is
     their ability to survive in space.「おそらく地球上で彼らが生き残る能力（それらは
     地球上では５億４千年以上存在している)よりことさら驚くべきなのは、宇宙で生き残
     る能力である」とあるが、in space で何１０００年もの間生存しているとは書かれ
     ていないので、❌
② Tardigrades are from space and can live in temperatures exceeding the 
    limits of the Arctic fox and Bactrian camel, so they are surely stronger
    than human beings.
▶️最初に「Tardigrades は宇宙から来ている」とあるが、このことは参考としている
    英文に書かれていないので、❌
③Tardigrades are, without a doubt, the toughest creatures on earth. They
    can survive on the top of mountains; at the bottom of the sea; in the
    waters of hot springs; and they can also thrive on the moon.
▶️３段落目(❸)の最後の方に、Later, in 2019 an Israeli spacecraft crashed into
    the moon and thousands of tardigrades in a state of tun were spilled onto its
    surface, Whether these are still alive or not is unknown as no one has gone to
    collect them – which is a pity.「その後、2019年にイスラエルの宇宙船が月に
　 衝突して tun の状態の何千もの tardigrades がその(月)表面に散らばった。この
    tardigrades がまだ生存しているかどうかは、誰もそれらを収集しに行っていなので
　 わかりません – 遺憾なことだが。」すなわち、on the moon で生存して増殖して
　いるかはわからないので、❌
④ Tardigrades have survived some of the harshest conditions on earth, and
    at least one trip into space. This remarkable creature might outlive the
    human species.
▶️消去法で行くと、これが正解。内容を確認しても齟齬はないので、⭕️

👉ここから、正解は、
④ Tardigrades have survived some of the harshest conditions on earth,  
    and at least one trip into space. This remarkable creature might outlive
    the human species. となります。

※【 48 】④

問５について

【選択肢のチェック】
問５　What can be inferred about sending tardigrades into space? 【 49 】
① Finding out whether the tardigrades can survive in space was never 
    thought to be important.
② Tardigrades, along with other creatures that have been on earth for 
    millions of years, can withstand X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.
③ The Israeli researchers did not expect so many tardigrades to survive
    the harsh environment of space.
④ The reason why no one has been to see if tardigrades can survive on the 
    moon’s surface attracted the author’s attention.

【内容】
問５　宇宙に tardigrades を送ることについて何が推測されることができるでしょう。
　　　【 49 】
① tardigrades が宇宙で生存できるかどうかを見つけ出すことは決して重要であると
    考えられていなかった。
② 何百年もの間地球上に生存している他の生物とともに tardigrades はX線と紫外線
　 に耐えるうることができる。
③ イスラエルの研究者たちはそんなに多くの tardigrades が宇宙の厳しい環境を
    生き延びることを予測しなかった。
④ 誰も tardigrades が月の表面で生存できるかどうか確認しなかった理由は、
　 筆者の注意を惹きつけた。

👉１つ１つ選択肢を確認しましょう。
① Finding out whether the tardigrades can survive in space was never 
    thought to be important.
▶️３段落目(❸)に、Perhaps even more amazing than their ability to survive 
    on earth ー … ー is their ability to survive in space. とあることからすると、
　「重要ではない」と考えていないので、❌
② Tardigrades, along with other creatures that have been on earth for 
    millions of years, can withstand X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.
▶️３段落目に、This means that for 10 days most were able to survive X-rays
    and ultraviolet radiation 1,000 times more intense than here on earth. とあり
　 tardigrades は「地上や 1,000倍の強い」X線と紫外線に耐えうる、とあり内容と
　 合わないので、❌
③ The Israeli researchers did not expect so many tardigrades to survive
    the harsh environment of space.
▶️同じく３段落目に、Later, in 2019, an Israeli spacecraft … という文があるが、
　 イスラエルの研究者がどのようなことを期待したのか、などは示されていいないの
    で、 ❌
④ The reason why no one has been to see if tardigrades can survive on the 
    moon’s surface attracted the author’s attention.
▶️これも３段落目の最後に、筆者の意見(考え) として、〜 – which is a pity. と
　 明記されていることからも、このことに関しては注目しているであろうことが
　 推測できるので、⭕️

👉ここから、正解は、
④ The reason why no one has been to see if tardigrades can survive
    on the moon’s surface attracted the author’s attention. となります。

※【 49 】④

 

これで2023年の大学共通テストの解説終了です。